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Is Life Insurance Taxable? Here’s What You Need to Know

By Jacob Eastlick on September 15, 2021 0

We get it: Life insurance can be complicated.

It’s further complicated by the fact that everyone’s situation is different. So, it’s a good idea to contact your tax professional/financial consultant for specific advice about your situation. But, for the more general issues, we hope to help guide you through the winding paths of the tax implications of life insurance.

So, lace up your boots and pack your bag, because we’re headed straight into your FAQ:

  1. Do you have to pay taxes on money received as a life insurance beneficiary?
  2. Are life insurance premiums tax-deductible?
  3. How can somebody be sure their beneficiaries won’t have to pay taxes on their death benefit?
  4. What is taxable gain on life insurance?
  5. Do you have to pay taxes when cashing in a life insurance policy?

 

1. Do you have to pay taxes on money received as a life insurance beneficiary?

Generally speaking, you will not have to pay taxes on life insurance proceeds you receive as a beneficiary. If life insurance premiums are paid with after-tax dollars, there should not be a taxable event to the beneficiary.

A possible exception is if the life insurance policy was part of a compensation package. In some cases, the employer may pay the premiums and write it off on their taxes as a business expense. This could possibly result in the beneficiaries paying taxes on the funds they receive.

 

Typically, beneficiaries are not taxed.

Read more: The Gift of Life Insurance for Children

 

 

2. Are life insurance premiums tax-deductible?

If you are an individual paying life insurance premiums on your personal policy, no. Your premium payments are not tax-deductible.

If you are an employer, it’s best to talk to your tax adviser. It is possible that if you, as an employer, are paying the premiums for your employees’ polices they may be tax-deductible.

 

3. How can somebody be sure their beneficiaries won’t have to pay taxes on their death benefit?

The short answer: pay your premiums with your taxed earnings. Easy, right?

Basically, taxes have to be paid at some point. So, as long as you are making the premium payments, your beneficiaries shouldn’t have to pay taxes on their funds.

However, if your life insurance policy is part of a compensation package from your employer, your beneficiaries may need to pay taxes on the funds they receive. This is because your employer may write off the premium payments they provide on their taxes, which means the taxes aren’t paid.

 

4. What is taxable gain on life insurance?

The taxable gain is the dollar amount you receive from the cash value of your policy, minus the premium payment(s) you paid into your life insurance policy.

This only applies to life insurance policies that generate a cash value, and are surrendered before the death of the person whose life is being insured.

An example might help!

Let’s say you have a whole life insurance policy with Auto-Owners (of course). If you decide to “cash out” or “surrender” your policy early, you will receive the cash value of your policy.

So, let’s say you paid $15,000 in premium payments on your policy so far. During this time, your policy accumulated a $20,000 cash value. So, that $5,000 difference is considered your gain and is therefore taxable because of the interest that accrued on your policy.

Now, before you get any ideas, please remember the goal of life insurance is to provide financial help after the loss of a loved one. It is not an investment strategy.

Read more: Whole Life Insurance vs. Term Life: What You Need to Know

 

 

5. Do you have to pay taxes when cashing in a life insurance policy?

This is an emphatic yes!

Remember, the goal of life insurance is to provide financial help after the loss of a loved one. It is not an investment strategy. This is why the federal government taxes the gains when an individual cashes in the life insurance policy.

When you “cash in” a life insurance policy with a cash value, you are taxed on the gains. Your taxable gain is the dollar amount you receive from the cash value of your policy, minus the premium payment(s) you paid (read question four for a detailed example).

Each situation will be different, but expect taxes.

Read more: How to Help Your Small Business Employees Save for Retirement (with Annuities)

Overall, it’s a good idea to talk with your financial consultant/tax adviser/independent insurance agent/attorney/CPA/accountant. It’s worth the time, and your peace of mind.

Published February 17, 2021

Learn More: Life Insurance Needs Estimator

 

Copyright Auto-Owners Insurance Company © 2021. All Rights Reserved.

How Much Life Insurance Do I Need? [Free Calculator]

By Jacob Eastlick on September 15, 2021 0

Read time: 4.5 minutes

You know all those inspiring songs and speeches that encourage you to live like it’s your last day on Earth? Turns out that’s a good mindset for calculating how much life insurance you may need.

And, to make it easier, we created a life insurance needs estimator to walk you through the many factors to consider.

Start Now: Life Insurance Needs Estimator [Free Calculator]

The fields in our Life Insurance Needs Estimator are listed by importance. So, as you fill it out, pay special attention to the first three fields: paying off your mortgage, replacing your income and final expenses. The other fields are good to consider but not a necessity.

  1. Pay off your mortgage
  2. Replace your income
  3. Pay final expenses
  4. Pay for college
  5. Pay off debts
  6. Donate to charity

 

1. Pay off your Mortgage

Keeping with the “if I die tomorrow” mentality, enter in the amount you owe on your mortgage right now. This eliminates a huge financial burden from your family.

What if I don’t own a house yet? Or, what if I’m planning to move?

If you’re planning on moving or buying your first home, you should still consider including a mortgage amount on the estimator. Since you don’t have an exact number for your mortgage, you will need to estimate it. Here are some ways to estimate an amount for your future mortgage:

  • Research the housing market and the cost of homes in the area you hope to live.
  • Consider your monthly household income and the amount you’re able to pay toward your mortgage.
  • Ask your bank how much they might finance you for, given your current income.

While you may not end up using that full mortgage amount to buy your future home, it’s better to be a little overinsured than underinsured. Those extra funds can still benefit your family in the other areas the estimator includes.

Should I include the mortgage of my second home?

Generally, no. The priority for your policy should be your primary residency.

Second homes aren’t usually considered a necessity. But, it’s your policy and if your second home is important, you can certainly include it.

 

2. Replacing your income

For this field, enter your current annual income. This is not the same as household income. This is just your individual, annual income.

To figure out the number of years to replace your income, consider the number of years before you retire. If you’re 30 today and you expect to retire at 60 years old, you will want to replace your income for the remaining 30 years.

father-daughter-laughing

If you’re still in school or planning on a big career change, you can enter an estimate of your annual income. Look at projections and estimates of earnings for the job you hope to have. Consider where you plan to work, as that may affect your income.

Read more: The Gift of Life Insurance for Children

 

3. Final costs

This field includes the expenses that go into funeral and burial. Specifically, things like the cost of the funeral home, flowers, programs, an officiant speaker, the burial site, cemetery plot and anything else you may want at your funeral. You will see that our estimator states the typical funeral costs around $10,000. That’s a good number to put in.

Reasons to consider a higher amount include inflation and additional expenses for funeral and burial arrangements. If cremation is a potential option, consider an amount lower than the suggested $10,000.

 

4. Pay for your children’s college

This is the hardest field to calculate because there are so many unknowns. It’s common to leave this field blank unless you know you want your child to go to a certain school. If you want to include an amount, but don’t have a school in mind, you can always base it on your experience and factor in inflation.

Read more: Is Life Insurance Taxable? Here’s What You Need to Know

 

saving-for-kids-college

5. Pay off your debts

For this field, think of any outstanding debts beyond your mortgage that may be a burden on your family. For example:

  • Student loans
  • Auto loans
  • Mortgage on your second home (if you have one)
  • Credit card debt

 

6. Donate to charity

If you want to leave a charitable contribution to a cause you support, this is where you can enter the amount you want to leave as your legacy. If you enter an amount here, keep in mind you will want to record which organization you want the funds directed to in your will.

Do I need my own life insurance policy if I have one from my employer?

The short answer: yes.

If you have a policy with your employer, you may not consider an individual life insurance policy. However, typically, your employer’s life insurance policy only covers you for as long as you’re an employee there. So, if you live into retirement, you won’t have that benefit anymore.

Read more: Whole Life Insurance vs. Term: What You Need to Know

Once you fill out the estimator, you will see your total estimated need amount at the bottom. From here, it’s a good idea to print it out, or save it, and talk it over with your local, independent insurance agent. They will show you different life insurance products and help you find a suitable fit for your family and budget

Start Now: Life Insurance Needs Estimator [Free Calculator]

 

Copyright Auto-Owners Insurance Company © 2021. All Rights Reserved.

You Need to Tell Your Insurance Agent about Your Home Improvement Projects, Here’s Why

By Jacob Eastlick on August 5, 2021 0

Read time: 4 minutes

With the growth in construction, it’s no secret that the pandemic has inspired more than a few home improvement projects.

But, what if we told you that those projects did more than improve your attitude about being home?

They potentially changed your homeowners insurance needs.

When you complete home improvement projects, you need to tell more than your family, friends and social media followers.

Your insurance agent is actually one of the first people you should tell.

Specifically, you need to tell your agent about home improvement projects that potentially add value to your house.

Here are just some of the home improvement projects you should consider discussing with your agent:

  • Remodeling or renovating part of your house
  • A project that adds square footage to your house
  • Adding a deck
  • Digging a pool
  • Finishing your basement
  • Building a new structure (pole barn, shed, garage, etc.)
  • Replacing your roof, siding, windows or similar exterior feature
  • Any project that adds significant value to your house

How do home improvement projects affect my homeowners insurance?

The main way home improvement projects may affect your home insurance is they can change the cost to rebuild your house. And that is a big deal. After all, it’s the main reason you have an insurance policy for your house: To repair or possibly rebuild your house in the event of a disaster (based on the coverages purchased).

Insurance companies often provide coverage based in part on the cost to fully rebuild your house in the event of a loss. Some policies provide coverage on an actual cash value (ACV) basis. ACV is based on the age and condition of the property at the time a loss happens.

The cost to rebuild your house is called replacement cost. When you have a policy that pays on a replacement cost basis, we want to insure the full cost to rebuild your house. Not necessarily what it may sell for, but what it would cost to build it new.

Read more: How to Select the Best Homeowners Insurance

Let’s look at an example.

Dominic and Sam buy a house. Two years later, they decide to add a garage. Later that summer, a strong storm comes through and a large tree falls on their house.

Unfortunately, Dominic and Sam didn’t tell their agent about the garage they built. So, their insurance will likely only cover up to the limit of insurance they purchased, even if the cost to rebuild with the garage is higher than that limit. This may leave them footing part of that repair bill.

If Dominic and Sam told their agent about their new garage, their insurance would have been adjusted to have adequate limits to rebuild their home the way it was when the loss occurred.

There are also endorsements or amendments to policies that cover increased costs in construction. This may help in a situation similar to our story above. However, even these endorsements may have provisions stating that you must notify your agent if any combination of home improvements will exceed a certain percentage of the replacement cost of your home.

Moral of the story: tell your agent about your home improvement projects.

The policy limit you originally selected for your homeowners insurance may not be high enough after your home improvement project. Your insurance company will only pay the limit shown on your policy. Talking to your agent to reassess your policy may save you and your budget a lot of grief later.

Large updates can change how you’re compensated for a covered loss

There are some situations that a home improvement project may actually change how we can compensate you in the event of a covered loss. While most homeowners policies have replacement cost, there may be parts of the home that are only insured for actual cash value, such as your roof. In the case of roofs, this is dependent on the age of the roof.

Read more: Homeowners Insurance and Roof Storm Damage: 5 Things You Absolutely Need to Know

For example, if your roof is 20 years old, it may be insured at actual cash value. However, if you recently replaced it, you may qualify for replacement cost on your roof. Telling your agent about the update helps ensure your policy is written with the best coverage possible.

It can warrant a change to your home insurance policy’s limits

When you bought home insurance, you selected limits of coverage. Limits are just what they sound like. Your policy will cover up to a certain dollar amount of damage. Different coverages within your policy have their own limits.

For example, your personal liability coverage within your home insurance has varying limits you select at the time of purchase. Liability coverage protects you if somebody makes a claim against you or another insured because of an injury, property damage or other covered loss.

So, if you added a pool, your agent may advise increasing your liability limits because of the risk of potential injuries and having more people over to your house to swim.

If your home improvement project was building a pole barn or a garage, your other structures coverage limit may need to increase.

While these may seem like small adjustments, they can be the difference between being adequately insured or underinsured.

Read more: 7 Things Nobody Tells You About Homeowners Insurance

Are there other situations I may need to talk to my agent about?

Besides major home improvements, there are other reasons to talk to your agent. Many homebuyers typically think once they buy their home, and get insurance, they’re done.

But there are actually lots of other changes that may need to be discussed with your independent agent to make sure your homeowners insurance policy is up to date.

Examples of these changes may include:

  • Changes to who is living in the home
  • Changes to how much time you spend in the home throughout the year
  • Upgrading the contents of your home
  • Installing an automatic sprinkler system
  • Installing a home security system
  • Adopting a dog
  • Starting a home-based business

Read more: What is an Independent Insurance Agent?

Another aspect of your home that may change over time is the contents inside. It’s a good idea to keep an up-to-date home inventory to document the items in your home. Several free apps can help you capture the information quickly.

As your home and family change, tell your agent. This will help make sure you still have the best coverages for your home

Learn more: Home Insurance & Ways to Save

Copyright Auto-Owners Insurance Company © 2021. All Rights Reserved.

What is an Independent Insurance Agent? Everything You Need to Know

By Jacob Eastlick on August 5, 2021 0

You need insurance. We all do. In some cases it’s required by law, in others it’s required by the unwritten code of being a responsible adult that owns things. So, what’s the best way to buy it?

Online or with an agent?

What kind of agent – independent or captive?

Oh, and what does this all mean?

We think life is complicated enough; your insurance doesn’t have to be.

What is an independent insurance agent?

An independent insurance agent is a trained and licensed professional that tailors programs to meet their customer’s specific needs. They can do this because they work with many insurance carriers, rather than just one. They are locally based and operate out of their own local insurance agency.

This may surprise some people, but an independent agent is a small-business owner. Agents are not an employee of the insurance companies whose products they offer.  The insurance agency is often run by a few agents and administrative staff members. Oftentimes it’s family owned. Another misconception is that they sell their own insurance products. They do not. Instead, they work on behalf of their customers to obtain policies from insurance companies.

Now, it’s important to point out that every insurance agency you see is not an independent agency. There are also captive/exclusive agencies that operate differently. If you want to find independent agents in your area we recommend using our Agency Locator tool.

What’s the difference between independent insurance agents and other insurance agents?

The main difference is that independent insurance agents offer more choices than captive/exclusive insurance agents. Captive/exclusive agents offer only one insurance company’s products. This means they can only place your policy with that one company.  Independent agents, on the other hand, have options. They can place your policy with one of the several insurance companies they work with to make sure your unique needs are met.

Summary: Independent insurance agents help you find a policy with one of the several insurance companies they work with at their agency. Other, captive or exclusive, insurance agents can help you find a policy with the one insurance company they work with at their agency.

Get Started: Find an independent insurance agent near me

So, what’s the best way to buy insurance? If you ask us, an independent insurance agent!

At Auto-Owners, we are committed to offering our insurance products solely through independent agents because of the many advantages they offer you.

What advantages? Glad you asked.

1. Your local independent agency is your one-stop shop for all types of insurance. Since independent agents offer a variety of insurance products from several insurance companies, you are more likely to be able to handle all of your insurance needs in one place rather than trying to coordinate with businesses all over town. Most independent agencies offer life, home, car and business insurance. This means you may only need one point of contact for all your policies.

 

2. Local support from somebody you know. Many customers share stories about their independent agent being the first one on the scene after losing their home to a storm or fire. Agents take their job seriously, especially when their customers experience a loss. They know you personally and are ready to help when you need it most. For many agents, this is why they became insurance agents – to help people during hard times.

3. You can have the same point of contact even if you want to switch insurance providers. Let’s say you are interested in changing your insurance. When you have an independent agent, you don’t have to go back to the drawing board. Instead, you can call the same agency and they can help coordinate the switch. This means you can often stay with your same agent even if you switch insurance providers. This way you can continue to work with the person you’ve built a relationship with and who knows your needs.

Read: Making the Auto Insurance Switch

4. Your independent agent knows your community, because it’s their community too. Independent agents live and work in your community, maybe even in your neighborhood. This means they personally understand the insurance needs specific to your area. This is extremely valuable since insurance requirements vary from state to state. Your local, independent agent can offer you more personalized guidance than a 1-800 number or website can.

5. Expert advice means you’ll have confidence and peace of mind. Do you really want a flashy website form and an automated formula to be what stands between you and financial distress in the event of a claim? With an independent agent, you will receive expert guidance from their experience. And, if you need to file a claim you will know whom to call. Not to mention, if you have questions about your policy you can call your agent. This beats waiting on hold for what feels like forever just to get a simple question answered.

 

6. You get insurance that fits your needs rather than a one-size-fits-all policy. When you call or visit an independent insurance agent, they will work with you to review several options for your insurance. This allows them to focus on finding a policy that fits your needs rather than fitting your needs into what one insurance company offers.

7. Working with a local, independent agent means you are supporting a local business. Most independent agencies are locally owned. Many agencies are owned and operated by a family from your community. So, when you call the agency to find your policy or inquire about a potential claim you are likely calling a familiar area code rather than a 1-800 number.

What about all those cheap and easy options I see online?

We’re not going to pretend there isn’t an option to buy insurance online, directly from other insurance companies. Because, well, there is. They like to tote that insurance can be cheap and easy. They say you can get a quote fast and get the cheapest coverage.

But, let’s take a second and ask ourselves if “cheap and easy” is how we want to describe one of the most important financial decisions we make in our adult lives? Does cheap and easy give you confidence?

Alternatively, would you find confidence in the fact that a licensed professional that knows your name has your back? The expert that you know personally did a thorough review with you when you purchased your policy. They looked it over, they know the companies and put your assets with the company they know from experience provides the coverage you need.

How do I find an independent insurance agent near me?

Ready to find an independent agent? We make it easy with our Agency Locator tool. Enter your zip code and we will show you independent agents near you right on the map. From there you can click on the agent’s information and contact whichever one you choose.

Get Started: Find an independent agent near me with the Agency Locator tool

 

Copyright Auto-Owners Insurance Company © 2020. All Rights Reserved.

How to Maintain & Extinguish Your Campfire

By Jacob Eastlick on August 5, 2021 0

A campfire can be one of the best parts of camping, or provide necessary warmth to hunters and other outdoor enthusiasts. Just don’t forget your responsibility to maintain and extinguish it to prevent wildfires.

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    Never cut whole trees or branches, dead or alive. Live materials won’t burn and dead standing trees — called “snags” — are often homes for birds and other wildlife.

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    Once you have a strong fire going, add larger pieces of dry wood to keep it burning steadily.

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    Don’t burn dangerous things like aerosol cans, pressurized containers, glass or aluminum cans. They could explode, shatter and/or create harmful fumes or dust.

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    Keep your fire to a manageable size.

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    Make sure children and pets are supervised near the fire. Never leave your campfire unattended.

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    Extinguishing Your Campfire

    Allow the wood to burn completely to ash, if possible.

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    Pour lots of water on the fire. Drown ALL embers, not just the red ones. Pour until hissing sound stops.

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    If you do not have water, stir dirt or sand into the embers with a shovel to bury the fire.

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    With your shovel, scrape any remaining sticks and logs to remove any embers. Make sure that no embers are exposed and still smoldering.

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    Continue adding water, dirt or sand and stirring with a shovel until all material is cool.

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    Remember:

    If it’s too hot to touch, it’s too hot to leave

    Pack it in, Pack it out.
    It is your responsibility to pack out everything that you packed in, including any trash.

    ARTICLE BY SMOKEYBEAR.COM

6 Essential Steps for Starting Your First Vegetable Garden Off Right

By Jacob Eastlick on June 16, 2021 1

Planting tomatoes, carrots, or cukes for the first time? Use this guide to help you plan, prepare, and plant a successful plot.

By Andrea Beck

Updated May 04, 2021

Vegetable gardening at home can be a way to save money while you get up close and personal with nature. For example, even just one plant can be super affordable (think $3 to $5) and provide up to 10 pounds of tomatoes over the season (which can easily run you $20 or more). Growing tomatoes and other favorite vegetables or herbs from seeds can save you even more money. You’ll also find that the flavor and texture of garden-grown produce is even better than what you’re used to finding at the grocery store. Plus, tending your vegetable garden counts as exercise! Dig into these tips and tricks to get your vegetable garden off to a strong start.

1. Start with a Small Space

If you’re a beginner gardener, start small. It’s better to be thrilled by what you produce in a small garden than be frustrated by the time commitment a big one requires. It’s also best to learn a few gardening basics before investing tons of time and money in this new hobby. You’ll get a feeling for how much time gardening takes. You’ll find out if you like spending time outside planting, watering, and weeding. You’ll learn how much produce you and your family can eat over the course of a summer.

A good size for a beginner’s vegetable garden is 6×6 feet. Select up to five types of vegetables to grow, and plant a few of each type. You’ll get plenty of fresh produce for your summer meals, and it will be easy to keep up with the chores. Growing vegetables in containers is also a good way to start out. With them you don’t even need a yard; a sunny deck or balcony work fine.

2. Grow What You Love to Eat

What do you like to eat? Your answer will tell you what you should plant in your vegetable garden. There are also a few other things to keep in mind when deciding what you want to grow.

Be Picky About Varieties

Pay close attention to the description on the seed packet, tag, or label. Each variety of vegetable comes with certain characteristics. Some produce smaller plants ideal for containers or small gardens. Other varieties offer better disease resistance, improved yields, or better heat- or cold-tolerance. Start by choosing veggies you like to eat, then look into their sizes and care needs.

Productivity

Think about how much you and your family will eat and how likely you are to freeze, can, or give away excess produce. Then be realistic about how many seeds or plants you need to put into the ground. (Many beginners make the mistake of planting too much.) Vegetables like tomatoes, peppers, and squash keep providing throughout the season, so you may not need many plants to serve your needs. Other vegetables, such as carrots, radishes, and corn, can be harvested only once and then would need to be replanted.

Successive Crops

Planting both cool- and warm-weather vegetables will give you a harvest of vegetables and herbs continuously through the spring, summer, and fall. In early spring, grow lettuce, greens (such as arugula), peas, radishes, carrots, and broccoli. After you’ve harvested your cool-weather crops, plant hot-weather favorites, such as tomatoes, peppers, eggplant, and herbs. In fall, you can harvest potatoes, cabbage, and kale.

Test Garden Tip: By planting vining crops like green beans and peas, you make use of vertical space in the garden and boost yield per square foot.

3. Choose the Spot for Your Garden

No matter where you put your garden or what you decide to plant, there are two basic requirements that your location needs to meet for the best success: water and light.

Lots of Sunlight Is a Must

Like all plants, vegetables need the sun to kick-start photosynthesis. The fastest-growing vegetables need full sun (at least 6 to 8 hours of direct sunlight a day) without blockage from trees, shrubs, or fences. That’s why you won’t have much success if you plant sun-loving vegetables in shady spaces. If your yard provides partial shade, plant vegetables and herbs that tolerate those conditions, such as lettuce, kale, chard, spinach, chives, cilantro, parsley, and thyme. Root vegetables like carrots, radishes, and beets might also work if your site gets at least 4 hours of direct sunlight a day. Or if you have a sunny patio, switch to container gardening. That way you can place sun-loving vegetables and herbs such as tomatoes, cucumbers, beans, basil, dill, and rosemary, where they’ll do well.

Think About Convenient Water Access

The closer you can site your plot to a water source, the better. You’ll need to be able to water frequently during the first few weeks after seeds germinate or seedlings are transplanted to help these fragile plants produce strong roots and stems. Once your plants are established, it’s better to give your garden a long drink every few days rather than a little sprinkle every day. Then the water will move deeper into the soil, which encourages roots to grow deeper, where they’re better able to access nutrients they need to stay healthy. Consider installing soaker houses or drip irrigation on a timer to help minimize water waste and the time you need to spend watering.

4. Plan Your Vegetable Garden Layout

Choose either row cropping or intensive cropping (there are benefits to each!) when you plan your vegetable garden’s layout.

Row Cropping

Place plants single file in rows at least 18 inches apart so you can walk easily between them. This approach makes the most sense for large vegetable gardens because rows make it easier to use mechanical equipment, such as tillers, to battle weeds. The downside is that space set aside for footpaths cuts down on the number of vegetables you can plant.

Test Garden Tip: Tall plants generally do well on the north side of the garden. This includes naturally tall plants like tomatoes and plants that can be grown on vertical supports, including peas, cucumbers, and planting beans. Save money by making your own A-frame trellis for growing vegetables.

Intensive Cropping

Boost your garden’s productivity with intensive cropping, which means that you space two or three plants close together in a bed about 4 feet wide (aka a wide row). Seeds are sown or transplants are placed so that their leaves will barely touch at maturity. This approach, which uses almost every square inch of the prepared soil, works well for most types of vegetables, excluding the ones that vine (such as cucumbers). The downside of this method is that you have to weed by hand because the plants grow so close together.

The square-foot method, in which you subdivide a raised 4×4-foot garden bed into 1-foot squares using a physical grid (such as lattice strips), is a specialized version of intensive cropping. You’ll need 8 cubic feet of top-quality garden soil to fill such a bed with 6-inch-high sides. The planting formula is simple: 1 extra-large plant per 1×1-foot square; 4 large plants per square; 9 medium plants per square; and 16 small plants per square. Mix and match at will.

5. Start Plants in Rich Soil

For the best harvest, your vegetable garden needs the best soil you can give it. Rich, healthy soil is something you know when you feel it: It’s easy to dig and drains well. Pick up a trowel’s worth and put it in your hands. Does it feel gritty? Too much sand. Is it powdery? Too much silt. Is it sticky when wet? Too much clay. The combination of these three types, and in which specific proportions, determines the texture of your garden soil. That texture affects drainage and the availability of nutrients.

You want soil that is dark, crumbly, and literally full of life. Fortunately, no matter what the texture may be, all soil can be improved over time by incorporating organic matter into it. Take sandy soils, for instance. They’re made up of large soil particles, so water and nutrients run through gaps relatively quickly. Adding organic matter (typically compost) to sandy soil helps fill in the spaces between sand particles, which helps retain both moisture and nutrients for plants to use.

Clay soils are just the opposite. They contain very small, densely packed particles that hold moisture but don’t allow much air space for plant roots. Compost helps separate those tiny clay particles so water can drain more freely and plant roots can get needed oxygen. If it’s not clear which type of soil you have, send a sample to a state-certified soil-testing lab for analysis.

To prepare your soil for planting, spread any needed amendments like compost and work them into the soil with a tiller or spade. Avoid stepping on freshly tilled soil or you’ll compact it and undo all your hard work. Then rake the surface smooth and water thoroughly. Allow the bed to rest several days before you plant so the soil amendments can do their work.

Test Garden Tip: Raised garden beds are an easy option if you have poor soil. Build the raised beds on the existing lawn by lining the bottom of frames with several layers of newspaper, then filling with soil. That way, you don’t have to do as much digging.

6. Be Ready for Pests and Diseases

Some problems require special solutions, but in general, follow these guidelines for keeping pests away from your veggies.

Stop Weeds in Their Tracks

Weeds compete with your vegetables for light, water, and nutrients, so it’s important to keep them to a minimum. A mulch of clean straw, compost, or plastic can keep weeds at bay around larger plants like tomatoes. Use a hoe to discourage any weed seedlings that do pop up.

Keep Animals Out

Big pests, such as deer and rabbits, can wreak havoc in an edible garden. It takes an 8-foot-tall fence to keep deer from jumping into the garden. A fence needs to extend 6 inches beneath the soil to stop rabbits and other burrowing critters from digging their way in.

Deter Destructive Insects

Picking off large insects and caterpillars by hand (and dropping them into a bucket of sudsy water) is a safe, effective way to deal with limited infestations. For bigger quantities of insects, try insecticidal soap sprays that you can find at most garden centers. Whichever pest-control chemicals you use, carefully follow the manufacturers’ directions.

Fight Fungal Diseases

Reduce the likelihood of fungal diseases by watering the soil, not the leaves of the plants. If you use a sprinkler, do it early in the day so the leaves will dry by nightfall. If a plant falls prey to a disease, promptly remove it and throw it in the trash; don’t add sick plants to your compost pile. Additional disease preventatives include growing vegetable varieties listed as disease-resistant and changing the location of your plants each year (crop rotation) to reduce disease-causing microbes from building up their populations.

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